Journal: Cancer Science
Article Title: Alix‐normalized exosomal programmed death‐ligand 1 analysis in urine enables precision monitoring of urothelial cancer
doi: 10.1111/cas.16106
Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalization method using exosomal Alix expression. (A) Exosomes (20–200 nm) are secreted from urothelial cancer (UC) and exist in urine in different numbers depending on the condition of the patient. (B) Exosomes were isolated and detected in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. Scale bar, 50 nm. (C) Internal markers such as Alix may have less space for Ab binding compared to surface markers. (D) Intensity analysis of single exosomes for their surface tetraspanin markers (e.g. CD9, CD63, and CD81) and Alix. The intensity of tetraspanin markers (CD9, CD63, and CD81) of particles, isolated from T24 CCS using ExoDisc, attached on the surface coated with CD9, CD63, and CD81 showed varying intensity ranges, whereas Alix showed a uniform intensity range. One‐way AVOVA test was used for statistical analysis. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005; **** p < 0.0001; A.U., arbitrary unit; N.S ., not significant; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1.
Article Snippet: The cell lines used in this study (UMUC3, T24, RWPE, and A549) were obtained from ATCC.
Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Binding Assay